美国文学简史（十九）
I. F. Scott FitzgeraldII. Ernest HemingwayII. Sinclair Lewis – “the worst important writer in American literature”IV. Willa Cather
(1) He felt that WWI had broken America’s culture and traditions, and separated fromits roots. He wrote about men and women who were isolated from tradition,frightened, sometimes ridiculous, trying to find their own way.
(2) He condemned war as purposeless slaughter, but the attitudechanged when he took part in Spanish Civil War when he found that fascism（法西斯主义） was a cause worth fighting for.
(3) He wrote about courage and in battlefield. He defined courage as “an instinctive movement towards or away fromthe centre of violence with self-preservation and self-respect, the mixedmotive”. He also talked about the courage with which toface tragedies of life that can never be remedied.
(4) Hemingway is essentially a negative writer. It is verydifficult for him to say “yes”. He holds a black, naturalistic view of the world and sees it as “all a nothing” and “allnada”.
(2) “code hero”（硬汉形象）The Hemingway hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent, a man of action, and one of few words. That is an individualist keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place. These people are usually spiritual strong, people of certain skills, and most of them encounter death many times.
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